The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as being both a noxious sensory and emotional experience, so psychology is actually integral to the experience of...
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Beth Darnall is a Clinical Associate Professor at Stanford University School of Medicine, Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, in Palo Alto, California.
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It turns out that psychological factors strongly correlate with prescription for opioids and also for opioid dose. Some of those factors are depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder...
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